The LCA results show that UHPC is generally better than TC in terms of environmental impacts.
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Comparison is made between off-site water bath heating curing (HC) ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), on-site UHPC, off-site HC traditional concrete (TC), on-site TC, and off-site CO2 curing TC. Unlike the previous studies that considered the function unit of concrete as 1 m3, this study investigates the concrete elements with the same load capacity.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is implemented to evaluate the environmental impacts of the proposed UHPC and the traditional concrete (TC) under different curing conditions from cradle to gate. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of off-site construction using ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and different curing methods. Bu çalışmada tek aileli konut yaşam döngüsü değerlendirme örnekleri incelenerek hesaplama modelleri ortaya konulacaktır. Binalarda sınıflandırma ise, konut ve konut dışı ticari amaçlar için kullanılan binalar şeklindedir ve konutlar da tek aileli ve çok aileli konutlar olarak değerlendirmeye alınmaktadır. Yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi araçları bina değerlendirme sistemleri, bina tasarım kararı veya karar destek araçları ve yapı ürünü karşılaştırma araçları olarak sınıflandırılmıştır.
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ISO 14040 uluslararası standardına göre yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi dört farklı aşamadan oluşmakta ve bunlar amaç ve kapsamın tanımı, yaşam döngüsü envanter analizi, yaşam döngüsü etki değerlendirmesi ve sonuçların yorumlanması olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Bu metodolojide binaların yaşam döngüsü, tasarım, kullanım ve kullanım sonrası evreleri olarak ele alınmaktadır. Günümüzde, kaynakların tükenmesine ilişkin endişenin artmasıyla çevresel performansı değerlendirmek için karar verme sürecinde yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi uygulanabilmektedir. This paper also provides a basis to create a benchmarking database by adding future LCA studies for new modular and conventional building projects. However, implementation of strategies such as optimal designs and decrease in material and worker transportation of both modular and conventional building projects and increase in annual production of modular manufacturing centers can reduce the material and energy consumption and the subsequent environmental impacts. This disclosed that none of the modular and conventional construction methods is the absolute option for environmentally friendly construction. Nevertheless, the lowest environmental performance was due to the second modular building. The analyses revealed that construction of the first modular building resulted less environmental impacts than the other two buildings. Eventually, individual impact measures and also the developed impact indices were compared and contrasted between the benchmarking buildings. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was performed to eliminate the human subjectivity involved in AHP. Subsequently, the calculated impact measures along with their importance weights were incorporated into an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based framework to develop a set of environmental impact indices for the material production phase, the construction phase, and summation of these phases (i.e., cradle-to-gate).
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Then, the environmental impact measures such as global warming potential were calculated through LCA analyses. The required data such as raw materials, material and workforce transportation, and energy resources was collected from the corresponding homebuilders through a questionnaire survey. To this end, three single-family buildings (one conventional and two modular) designed and constructed in the Okanagan, British Columbia, Canada, were used as representatives of typical houses built by on-site and off-site methods in the region. This paper applies a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) to benchmark the environmental performance of conventional and modular construction methods. Regardless of different advantages and disadvantages offered by each of these two construction methods, the overall environmental trade-offs between them are still unclear. Traditional on-site and modular off-site methods are the main construction methods in the residential building sector.